Endocrine Society RPHR
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Right arrow Citation Map
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this book
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow Request Copyright Permission
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Ellacott, K. L.J.
Right arrow Articles by Cone, R. D.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Ellacott, K. L.J.
Right arrow Articles by Cone, R. D.
Recent Progress in Hormone Research 59:395-408 (2004)
© 2004 The Endocrine Society

The Central Melanocortin System and the Integration of Short- and Long-term Regulators of Energy Homeostasis

Kate L.J. Ellacott and Roger D. Cone

Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239-3098

The importance of the central melanocortin system in the regulation of energy balance is highlighted by studies in transgenic animals and humans with defects in this system. Mice that are engineered to be deficient for the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) or pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and those that overexpress agouti or agouti-related protein (AgRP) all have a characteristic obese phenotype typified by hyperphagia, increased linear growth, and metabolic defects. Similar attributes are seen in humans with haploinsufficiency of the MC4R. The central melanocortin system modulates energy homeostasis through the actions of the agonist, {alpha}-melanocyte-stimulating hormone ({alpha}-MSH), a POMC cleavage product, and the endogenous antagonist AgRP on the MC3R and MC4R. POMC is expressed at only two locations in the brain: the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) and the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) of the brainstem. This chapter will discuss these two populations of POMC neurons and their contribution to energy homeostasis. We will examine the involvement of the central melanocortin system in the incorporation of information from the adipostatic hormone leptin and acute hunger and satiety factors such as peptide YY (PYY3–36) and ghrelin via a neuronal network involving POMC/cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript (CART) and neuropeptide Y (NPY)/AgRP neurons. We will discuss evidence for the existence of a similar network of neurons in the NTS and propose a model by which this information from the ARC and NTS centers may be integrated directly or via adipostatic centers such as the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH).




This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
C. K. Song, C. H. Vaughan, E. Keen-Rhinehart, R. B. S. Harris, D. Richard, and T. J. Bartness
Melanocortin-4 receptor mRNA expressed in sympathetic outflow neurons to brown adipose tissue: neuroanatomical and functional evidence
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, August 1, 2008; 295(2): R417 - R428.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Lipid Res.Home page
T. J. Bartness and C. K. Song
Thematic review series: Adipocyte Biology. Sympathetic and sensory innervation of white adipose tissue
J. Lipid Res., August 1, 2007; 48(8): 1655 - 1672.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab.Home page
G. Li, Y. Zhang, E. Rodrigues, D. Zheng, M. Matheny, K.-Y. Cheng, and P. J. Scarpace
Melanocortin activation of nucleus of the solitary tract avoids anorectic tachyphylaxis and induces prolonged weight loss
Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, July 1, 2007; 293(1): E252 - E258.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
J.-C. Peter, J. R. Nicholson, D. Heydet, A.-C. Lecourt, J. Hoebeke, and K. G. Hofbauer
Antibodies against the melanocortin-4 receptor act as inverse agonists in vitro and in vivo
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, June 1, 2007; 292(6): R2151 - R2158.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.Home page
M.-H. Tai, W.-T. Weng, W.-C. Lo, J. Y. H. Chan, C.-J. Lin, H.-C. Lam, and C.-J. Tseng
Role of Nitric Oxide in {alpha}-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone-Induced Hypotension in the Nucleus Tractus Solitarii of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., May 1, 2007; 321(2): 455 - 461.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Neurosci.Home page
G. de Lartigue, R. Dimaline, A. Varro, and G. J. Dockray
Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript: Stimulation of Expression in Rat Vagal Afferent Neurons by Cholecystokinin and Suppression by Ghrelin
J. Neurosci., March 14, 2007; 27(11): 2876 - 2882.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Mol. Pharmacol.Home page
S. J. Getting, C. W. Lam, G. Leoni, F. N. E. Gavins, P. Grieco, and M. Perretti
[D-Trp8]-{gamma}-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory Efficacy in Mice Bearing a Nonfunctional MC1R (Recessive Yellow e/e Mouse)
Mol. Pharmacol., December 1, 2006; 70(6): 1850 - 1855.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 FASEB J.Home page
S. J. Getting, C. W. Lam, A. S. Chen, P. Grieco, and M. Perretti
Melanocortin 3 receptors control crystal-induced inflammation
FASEB J, November 1, 2006; 20(13): 2234 - 2241.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J. Biol. Chem.Home page
T. Xie, A. Plagge, O. Gavrilova, S. Pack, W. Jou, E. W. Lai, M. Frontera, G. Kelsey, and L. S. Weinstein
The Alternative Stimulatory G Protein {alpha}-Subunit XL{alpha}s Is a Critical Regulator of Energy and Glucose Metabolism and Sympathetic Nerve Activity in Adult Mice
J. Biol. Chem., July 14, 2006; 281(28): 18989 - 18999.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J EndocrinolHome page
K. K Y Ho
Endocrinology: the next 60 years.
J. Endocrinol., July 1, 2006; 190(1): 3 - 6.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 HypertensionHome page
L. S. Tallam, A. A. da Silva, and J. E. Hall
Melanocortin-4 Receptor Mediates Chronic Cardiovascular and Metabolic Actions of Leptin
Hypertension, July 1, 2006; 48(1): 58 - 64.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Hum Mol GenetHome page
D. J. Lloyd, S. Bohan, and N. Gekakis
Obesity, hyperphagia and increased metabolic efficiency in Pc1 mutant mice
Hum. Mol. Genet., June 1, 2006; 15(11): 1884 - 1893.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
M. C. Garcia, I. Wernstedt, A. Berndtsson, M. Enge, M. Bell, O. Hultgren, M. Horn, B. Ahren, S. Enerback, C. Ohlsson, et al.
Mature-onset obesity in interleukin-1 receptor I knockout mice.
Diabetes, May 1, 2006; 55(5): 1205 - 1213.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Physiol. GenomicsHome page
S. O. Kasper, C. S. Carter, C. M. Ferrario, D. Ganten, L. F. Ferder, W. E. Sonntag, P. E. Gallagher, and D. I. Diz
Growth, metabolism, and blood pressure disturbances during aging in transgenic rats with altered brain renin-angiotensin systems
Physiol Genomics, November 17, 2005; 23(3): 311 - 317.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
F. H. Koegler, P. J. Enriori, S. K. Billes, D. L. Takahashi, M. S. Martin, R. L. Clark, A. E. Evans, K. L. Grove, J. L. Cameron, and M. A. Cowley
Peptide YY(3-36) Inhibits Morning, but Not Evening, Food Intake and Decreases Body Weight in Rhesus Macaques
Diabetes, November 1, 2005; 54(11): 3198 - 3204.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Physiol. Rev.Home page
S. Stanley, K. Wynne, B. McGowan, and S. Bloom
Hormonal Regulation of Food Intake
Physiol Rev, October 1, 2005; 85(4): 1131 - 1158.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
G. M. Sutton, B. Duos, L. M. Patterson, and H.-R. Berthoud
Melanocortinergic Modulation of Cholecystokinin-Induced Suppression of Feeding through Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Signaling in Rat Solitary Nucleus
Endocrinology, September 1, 2005; 146(9): 3739 - 3747.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J ANIM SCIHome page
Y. Maejima, M. Aoyama, A. Abe, and S. Sugita
Induced expression of c-fos in the diencephalon and pituitary gland of goats following transportation
J Anim Sci, August 1, 2005; 83(8): 1845 - 1853.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Physiol. GenomicsHome page
J. M. Bischof and R. Wevrick
Genome-wide analysis of gene transcription in the hypothalamus
Physiol Genomics, July 14, 2005; 22(2): 191 - 196.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol.Home page
H. Zheng, L. M. Patterson, C. B. Phifer, and H.-R. Berthoud
Brain stem melanocortinergic modulation of meal size and identification of hypothalamic POMC projections
Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol, July 1, 2005; 289(1): R247 - R258.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 DiabetesHome page
D. Porte Jr., D. G. Baskin, and M. W. Schwartz
Insulin Signaling in the Central Nervous System: A Critical Role in Metabolic Homeostasis and Disease From C. elegans to Humans
Diabetes, May 1, 2005; 54(5): 1264 - 1276.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 EndocrinologyHome page
S. Koda, Y. Date, N. Murakami, T. Shimbara, T. Hanada, K. Toshinai, A. Niijima, M. Furuya, N. Inomata, K. Osuye, et al.
The Role of the Vagal Nerve in Peripheral PYY3-36-Induced Feeding Reduction in Rats
Endocrinology, May 1, 2005; 146(5): 2369 - 2375.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
Z. Hu, S. H. Cha, G. van Haasteren, J. Wang, and M. D. Lane
From the Cover: Effect of centrally administered C75, a fatty acid synthase inhibitor, on ghrelin secretion and its downstream effects
PNAS, March 15, 2005; 102(11): 3972 - 3977.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 Exp PhysiolHome page
K.G. Murphy and S.R. Bloom
Gut hormones in the control of appetite
Exp Physiol, September 1, 2004; 89(5): 507 - 516.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Endocrinology Endocrine Reviews J. Clin. End. & Metab.
Molecular Endocrinology Recent Prog. Horm. Res. All Endocrine Journals
Copyright © 2004 by the The Endocrine Society.